Description

No programming experience required! Incremental examples show you the steps and missteps that happen while developing programs, so you know what to expect when you tackle a problem on your own. Inspired by “How to Design Programs” (HtDP), discover a five-step recipe for designing functions, which helps you learn the concepts—and becomes an integral part of writing programs.

In this detailed introduction to Python and to computer programming, find out exactly what happens when your programs are executed. Work with numbers, text, big data sets, and files using real-world examples. Create and use your own data types. Make your programs reliable, work with databases, download data from the web automatically, and build user interfaces. As you use the fundamental programming tools in this book, you’ll see how to document and organize your code so that you and other programmers can more easily read and understand it. This new edition takes advantage of Python 3.6’s new features, including type annotations on parameters, return types and variable declarations, and changes to string formatting.

Most importantly, you’ll learn how to think like a professional programmer.

Contents and Extracts

• Acknowledgments
• Preface
  • Our Approach
  • Further Reading
  • What You’ll See
  • Online Resources
• What’s Programming?
  • Programs and Programming
  • What’s a Programming Language?
  • What’s a Bug?
  • The Difference Between Brackets, Braces, and Parentheses
  • Installing Python
• Hello, Python <b>excerpt</b>
  • How Does a Computer Run a Python Program?
  • Expressions and Values: Arithmetic in Python
  • What Is a Type?
  • Variables and Computer Memory: Remembering Values
  • How Python Tells You Something Went Wrong
  • A Single Statement That Spans Multiple Lines
  • Describing Code
  • Making Code Readable
  • The Object of This Chapter
  • Exercises
• Designing and Using Functions
  • Functions That Python Provides
  • Memory Addresses: How Python Keeps Track of Values
  • Defining Our Own Functions
  • Using Local Variables for Temporary Storage
  • Tracing Function Calls in the Memory Model
  • Designing New Functions: A Recipe
  • Writing and Running a Program
  • Omitting a return Statement: None
  • Dealing with Situations That Your Code Doesn’t Handle
  • What Did You Call That?
  • Exercises
• Working with Text <b>excerpt</b>
  • Creating Strings of Characters
  • Using Special Characters in Strings
  • Creating a Multiline String
  • Printing Information
  • Getting Information from the Keyboard
  • Quotes About Strings
  • Exercises
• Making Choices
  • A Boolean Type
  • Choosing Which Statements to Execute
  • Nested if Statements
  • Remembering Results of a Boolean Expression Evaluation
  • You Learned About Booleans: True or False?
  • Exercises
• A Modular Approach to Program Organization
  • Importing Modules
  • Defining Your Own Modules
  • Testing Your Code Semiautomatically
  • Tips for Grouping Your Functions
  • Organizing Our Thoughts
  • Exercises
• Using Methods
  • Modules, Classes, and Methods
  • Calling Methods the Object-Oriented Way
  • Exploring String Methods
  • What Are Those Underscores?
  • A Methodical Review
  • Exercises
• Storing Collections of Data Using Lists
  • Storing and Accessing Data in Lists
  • Type Annotations for Lists
  • Modifying Lists
  • Operations on Lists
  • Slicing Lists
  • Aliasing: What’s in a Name?
  • List Methods
  • Working with a List of Lists
  • A Summary List
  • Exercises
• Repeating Code Using Loops
  • Processing Items in a List
  • Processing Characters in Strings
  • Looping Over a Range of Numbers
  • Processing Lists Using Indices
  • Nesting Loops in Loops
  • Looping Until a Condition Is Reached
  • Repetition Based on User Input
  • Controlling Loops Using break and continue
  • Repeating What You’ve Learned
  • Exercises
• Reading and Writing Files
  • What Kinds of Files Are There?
  • Opening a File
  • Techniques for Reading Files
  • Files over the Internet
  • Writing Files
  • Writing Example Calls Using StringIO
  • Writing Algorithms That Use the File-Reading Techniques
  • Multiline Records
  • Looking Ahead
  • Notes to File Away
  • Exercises
• Storing Data Using Other Collection Types
  • Storing Data Using Sets
  • Storing Data Using Tuples
  • Storing Data Using Dictionaries
  • Inverting a Dictionary
  • Using the in Operator on Tuples, Sets, and Dictionaries
  • Comparing Collections
  • Creating New Type Annotations
  • A Collection of New Information
  • Exercises
• Designing Algorithms
  • Searching for the Two Smallest Values
  • Timing the Functions
  • At a Minimum, You Saw This
  • Exercises
• Searching and Sorting <b>excerpt</b>
  • Searching a List
  • Binary Search
  • Sorting
  • More Efficient Sorting Algorithms
  • Merge Sort: A Faster Sorting Algorithm
  • Sorting Out What You Learned
  • Exercises
• Object-Oriented Programming
  • Understanding a Problem Domain
  • Function isinstance, Class object, and Class Book
  • Writing a Method in Class Book
  • Plugging into Python Syntax: More Special Methods
  • A Little Bit of OO Theory
  • A Case Study: Molecules, Atoms, and PDB Files
  • Classifying What You’ve Learned
  • Exercises
• Testing and Debugging
  • Why Do You Need to Test?
  • Case Study: Testing above_freezing
  • Case Study: Testing running_sum
  • Choosing Test Cases
  • Hunting Bugs
  • Bugs We’ve Put in Your Ear
  • Exercises
• Creating Graphical User Interfaces
  • Using Module tkinter
  • Building a Basic GUI
  • Models, Views, and Controllers, Oh My!
  • Customizing the Visual Style
  • Introducing a Few More Widgets
  • Object-Oriented GUIs
  • Keeping the Concepts from Being a GUI Mess
  • Exercises
• Databases
  • Overview
  • Creating and Populating
  • Retrieving Data
  • Updating and Deleting
  • Using NULL for Missing Data
  • Using Joins to Combine Tables
  • Keys and Constraints
  • Advanced Features
  • Some Data Based On What You Learned
  • Exercises